Buckthorn buckthorn is a tree-like shrub that has become widespread as a fruit and ornamental culture. This unique plant is a valuable crop and just a very beautiful bush. We learn how to plant and grow buckthorn buckthorn in your area.
Buckthorn Buckthorn
all parts of buckthorn buckthorn - the leaves, bark, and drupe - benefit the human body
the fruits of buckthorn buckthorn should be collected after the first frost - they will then get rid of the astringent taste
Historical information
Buckthorn buckthorn (Hippóphae rhamnoídes) belongs to the family Sucker of the genus Sea buckthorn. The generic name "hippophaes" comes from the Greek words hippos - horse and phaos - shine. The Greeks believed that horses, eating the foliage of sea buckthorn, acquire a glossy skin. Buckthorn-like this type of sea buckthorn is called for the analogy with the prickly shrub of the same name.
It is not known when sea buckthorn appeared in Russia. Mention of it is found in the writings of 18th century botanists traveling around Siberia. But it is clear that she appeared here much earlier. The history of sea buckthorn goes back to ancient times - its fruits were used for medicinal purposes in Ancient China and in Ancient Greece.
Botanical description of berry culture
Sea buckthorn is a bright plant - it is easy to identify it by characteristic signs. The tree is especially noticeable during the fruiting period - the bush is densely covered with bright fruits, yellow or orange.
Shrub leaves
Buckthorn buckthorn is a tree-like, branched shrub. The branches are covered with sharp thorns. The plant reaches a height of 4-6 m. The diameter of the crown is 3-5 m. The branches are lignified, the bark is brownish, yellowish-gray.
Dioecious culture - the flowers are small, greenish-brown or yellow-green. On male plants, stamen flowers; on female plants, pistil flowers. The latter are collected on short peduncles of 5-10 pieces.
The leaves have a linear lanceolate form. The upper part is green, the lower is silver-white. Petioles are short. The length of the leaves, narrow and hard, is about 7 cm.
Fruit
Drupe fruits are spherical or oval in shape. The length of the fruit is 12 mm. In the berry - one bone. The color of the fruit depends on the variety - they can be orange, yellow and red. The aroma contains shades of pineapple. The fruit tastes sweetish.
The fruits of sea buckthorn are edible, but they are usually harvested after the first frost - then they become less astringent. If the fruits are not harvested, they will hang until spring - a real treat for the birds.
Characteristics of buckthorn buckthorn
Buckthorn buckthorn - a productive plant, the cultivation of which allows you to remove from each bush a bucket and more priceless fruits. Sea buckthorn is a storehouse of healing properties and an object interesting for commercial activities.
Distribution and ecology
Buckthorn or buckthorn buckthorn grows wild in Europe, Asia, the Caucasus, India and Pakistan. In Russia, it is found almost throughout the territory - from the North Caucasus to Siberia. Especially a lot of buckthorn buckthorn along the banks of rivers and lakes - the plant loves moist soils.
The shrub tolerates air pollution well - it can be planted for landscaping in ecologically unfavorable zones.
Buckthorn buckthorn - a product of industrial cultivation. So, only in Altai, about 5,000 ha are occupied under its planting.
Flowering period and ripening period
The timing of flowering and ripening:
- The plant blooms in April-May, before the leaves bloom. Flowering lasts from 6 to 12 days. During flowering, the plant resembles a lush cloud.
- Fruiting begins in late August, and lasts until the beginning of October. The berries fully ripen in the fall - in September-October. Exact dates depend on the variety and cultivation region. Early varieties ripen in August.
Yields, fruiting periods
The yield of varietal sea buckthorn is 10-15 kg from one bush. The plant reaches its maximum yield by 5-6 years of age. Then the yield is reduced. Fruiting begins 3-4 years after planting. Plant life is 25-30 years. To prolong fruiting, gardeners regularly use anti-aging pruning.
Sea buckthorn leaves are collected at the end of summer - and used for medicinal purposes, the bark is harvested in early spring.
Taste Features
Fresh sea-buckthorn fruits are for everybody. They have a specific taste, sweetish, with a touch of bitterness. Their taste characteristics improve after frost - frozen sea buckthorn becomes sweet and sour.
In Siberia, sea buckthorn is often called the “Russian pineapple” - after frosts, the berries acquire a special pineapple flavor and aroma.
Application area
Buckthorn buckthorn is used in many industries, especially its fruits. This plant serves as a raw material for the preparation of various means used in medicine and cosmetology, its fruits are also valuable for cooking.
Scopes of sea buckthorn:
- Cosmetology. Ointments and creams based on sea buckthorn help against baldness, improve the structure of hair, improve the condition of the skin, and prevent its aging.
- Cooking The fruits go to the preparation of wines, marmalade, candy fillings, sweet preparations, juices and much more.
- Household needs. Sea buckthorn is beautiful - it is used in landscape design, for example, to create hedges. This plant is a good honey plant, it is planted in apiaries. Shrubs are able to prevent landslides, holding the soil with their roots.
- Medicine. Fruits are natural multivitamins. From fruits and leaves, drugs are made to treat chronic diseases of the liver and stomach, purulent wounds, etc. Leaves and branches are the raw materials for medicines for rheumatism and joint diseases. From the fruits they make medicines of various forms of intake - tinctures, suppositories, ointments, creams, etc.
The following video provides an overview of sea buckthorn varieties "Buckthorn" and describes its healing properties:
Disease and pest resistance
Adult sea buckthorn rarely gets sick. But there are a number of diseases and pests from which it is better to protect the plant in advance - by preventive spraying. Sea buckthorn is sprayed twice - before fruiting and after it, with a 1% solution of Bordeaux fluid.
Chemical composition
In the fruits and leaves of sea buckthorn - an abyss of useful substances :.
- Leaves. Contain coumarins, folic acid, inositol, serotonin, vitamins B1, B2, B6, C, PP. The presence of serotonin is due to the anti-radiation effectiveness of the plant.
- Fruit. They contain fatty oil (8%), which contains carotenoids, flavonoids, phospholipids, coumarins, ascorbic and nicotinic acids, serotonin, folic acid and much more.
In all parts of the plant - volatile and tannins. The exact chemical composition depends on the area where sea buckthorn grows, and on the time of collection. Fruit oil contains up to 300 mg% carotenoids and up to 160 mg% vitamin E.
The fruits of sea buckthorn are rich in trace elements and vitamins - A, B, C, PP, H and E. 100 g of fruits contains 82 kcal. Nutrition value of 100 g:
- proteins - 1.2 g;
- fats - 5.4 g;
- carbohydrates - 5.7 g.
100 g of sea buckthorn contains the daily norm of vitamins and minerals necessary for a person.
Advantages and disadvantages of the variety
Advantages of buckthorn buckthorn:
- endurance - the plant is frost-resistant and undemanding to care;
- ease of reproduction;
- resistance to most diseases of shrubs;
- the usefulness of the plant - fruits and leaves;
- transportability.
Disadvantages:
- the need for planting pollinators - male plants;
- difficulties in collecting fruits;
- spikes on the branches.
Landing rules
Sea buckthorn is unpretentious, but if you plant it in violation of technology and timing, you can not count on high yields. From the correct planting of sea buckthorn, its immunity, productivity and all further life depend.
Recommended Dates
Buckthorn buckthorn is planted in spring or autumn. If winters are harsh, as in Siberia, then the best time for landing is April or May. The plant should be at rest during planting.
In regions with a warmer climate, autumn planting is allowed - the main thing is that the plant has time to take root before frost. Sea buckthorn is planted 1-1.5 months before frost.
Choosing the right place
Site requirements for planting buckthorn buckthorn:
- Good sun exposure. Bushes planted in the shade do not grow well, wither.
- Sea buckthorn grows best on light sandy soils. It does not tolerate heavy clay soils.
- This culture loves high humidity, it grows especially well near ponds.
- Near the seedlings there should be enough room for growth - a branchy shrub needs room.
- The plant is bad for any neighborhood - it is not advisable to plant it near fruit trees and berry bushes. The best option is the outskirts of the site, its southern side.
Soil preparation
The landing site is prepared in advance, if a spring landing is due - in the fall. If the soil is poor, it is advisable not only to dig the soil and dig a hole, but to add digging substances that improve soil fertility and composition. If the soil is acidic, wood ash is added, sand is added to clay soils - 2 buckets per 1 sq. Km. m. In any case, it is advisable to add organic matter - manure, compost, humus (1 bucket per 1 sq. m).
Selection and preparation of seedlings
The best planting material is seedlings 1 year old. Signs of a suitable seedling for planting:
- height - about 40 cm;
- the presence of 2-4 skeletal roots, 15-20 cm long;
- smooth trunk should have developed lateral shoots;
- the bark is smooth, not flaking.
Do not forget that for every 3-4 female seedlings you need to buy one male. Before planting, the seedlings must withstand several hours in water, and even better in the Kornevin solution.
Algorithm and landing scheme
Planting order of sea buckthorn seedlings:
- Dig holes with an interval of 1.5-2 m. Depth and width of the hole - 80 cm.
- At the bottom of the pit, pour compost or nutritious soil mixture - mix the fertile layer of soil with humus or compost, and also add the fertilizers that are traditionally applied when planting trees - superphosphate and others.
- Form a hill from the soil mixture, put a seedling on it, and spread its roots. Position the seedling so that its root neck is deepened by 3-5 cm - sea buckthorn is able to give additional roots from the trunk.
- Fill the roots with fertile soil. As you fall asleep, shake the seedling and tamp the soil with your hands - so that there is no empty space between the roots. When you fall asleep, once again, carefully compact the soil.
- Pour the seedling with 2-3 buckets of water. When the moisture is absorbed, sprinkle the trunk circle with straw, peat, dry grass.
Aftercare
Buckthorn Buckthorn - the culture is unpretentious, but if the gardener expects a decent harvest, you can not do without care.
You can find more information on how to properly care for sea buckthorn in the fall here.
Watering frequency
The frequency of watering depends on weather conditions. Sea buckthorn is watered only in dry weather - as needed. 3-4 buckets of water are given to a young plant, 6-8 buckets for an adult. At the end of summer, water consumption increases one and a half times. In the near-stem circle, the soil is loosened - so that there is oxygen access to the roots.
Top dressing
Seedlings fertilized during planting do not feed in the first 2 years of life. The fruiting plant needs potassium and phosphorus. Take a bucket of water:
- 1 tbsp. l potash fertilizers (without chlorine);
- 2 tbsp. double superphosphate;
- 2 hours. Uniflor-micro.
The prepared mixture is poured under the root during the growth of the ovaries. The second option is to fertilize sea buckthorn with AVA fertilizer every 3 years. In table 1 - top dressing for sea buckthorn.
Table 1
Fertilizer | Characteristic |
AVA | Complex mineral fertilizer to accelerate growth, increase resistance to weather conditions, crop growth. |
Rossa | Integrated liquid fertilizer for root dressing, soaking seeds, rooting cuttings. |
Effecton | Bioactive fertilizer containing enzymes and substances of humic nature. Improves photosynthesis functions, increases immunity. Recommended for use in the north. |
Potassium humate with trace elements | Liquid mineral-organic fertilizer. Used for tillage. |
Shrub pruning
Sea buckthorn is prone to overgrowth. If you do not trim the plants, they form dense thickets. The main pruning of sea buckthorn is to form a plant - in the form of a bush or tree. To make sea buckthorn a bush, shoots growing from the overgrowth are left. Leave 3-4 of the strongest shoots.
Sea buckthorn is cut at any time except winter:
- Spring. In early spring, sanitary pruning is carried out - all dry, damaged and diseased branches are removed. Then cut the shoots thickening the crown. On young bushes spend forming pruning. Skeletal branches are shortened by 1/3.
When the plant begins to bear fruit, the forming clippings are stopped, since flower buds will form on the tops of the shoots. - Summer. In the middle of summer, branches that did not give growth are cut.
- Fall. Sanitary pruning is carried out - before winter, you need to remove all unnecessary branches so that the plant does not waste energy on their nutrition.
Pruning is carried out with a sharpened and sanitized tool - secateurs, a hacksaw, a garden knife. Places of slices are covered with garden var.
Winter preparations
Sea buckthorn is a frost-resistant plant that does not need winter shelter. The process of preparing for winter comes down to the following activities:
- sanitary pruning - it is carried out late in the fall, when the plant is at rest;
- moisture-charging irrigation to increase frost resistance of plants - in the temperate zone it has been carried out since the end of September, after harvesting;
- trunk seedlings mulch young seedlings.
Diseases and pests, methods of control and prevention
Sea buckthorn has few buckthorn enemies; it is resistant to diseases characteristic of fruit trees. However, there are several ailments and pests that can not only deprive the gardener of the crop, but also destroy the plant.
Dangerous diseases and pests - in table 2.
table 2
Diseases / Pests | Symptoms / Harm | How to fight? |
Scab | Spots and ulcers appear on the bark, leaves, and later on the fruits, the plant dries out. | Trimming and burning sick branches. Treatment with Nitrofen 3%. |
Endomycosis | The fruits become wrinkled, gradually the disease covers the entire plant. Dry berries retain spores of fungi. | In spring and autumn - spraying with Bordeaux fluid. When sick berries appear, collection and destruction. |
Fusarium wilt | Leaves and young shoots fade. Berries and leaves fall off. | Timely thinning of bushes. Compliance with the intervals between the bushes during planting. Trimming and burning sick branches. |
Spider mite | Small insect invisible to the eye. It affects the buds and buds. The leaves are entangled in cobwebs. | Spraying with Fitoverm, Aktara and similar insecticides. |
Aphid | A small insect that sucks the juice from a plant. The leaves and tops of the shoots are twisted - a continuous layer of insects is visible on them. The plant is weakening. | Destruction of ants - aphids. Treatment with Fitoverm and ammonia solution. |
Collection and recycling
Leaves - for medicinal purposes, harvested in May. The fruits are picked after ripening - in September-October, when they become yellow (orange) and elastic. Gathering is carried out only in dry weather. The collected fruits are cleaned of debris, immature and diseased specimens.
Sea buckthorn is often harvested after frost, when the fruits can be easily shaken off the branches.If there is only one bush, then you can pick berries manually, if there are several bushes, then you can not do without mechanical devices. To collect sea buckthorn fruits, tongs, slingshots, special “combines” are used - all this can be bought in a store or made independently.
The fruits of sea-buckthorn are used to make butter, they are dried, frozen, jam, stewed fruit, grated with sugar. Fresh fruits are laid out on wooden barrels, frozen - in bags. Fresh sea buckthorn is stored in a cool place for no more than 3 days, frozen is stored in freezers for up to six months.
Sea buckthorn oil is especially appreciated. Prepare it like this:
- Carefully squeeze juice from ripe fruits.
- The pomace is dried in an oven (dryer) at 50 ° C.
- Dry pulp is ground in a coffee grinder or mortar.
- Pour crushed pulp with vegetable oil in a ratio of 1:15.
- Insist 3 weeks. Drain the liquid - the oil is ready.
Reviews about buckthorn
Daria I., Novosibirsk region I always considered sea buckthorn an uncomfortable plant - since childhood I saw how difficult it is to collect it. Now I have a Buckthorn-shaped Orange energy growing - it has large, orange-red berries, and there are almost no thorns on the branches. Harvested twice already - there are enough fruits for a variety of harvesting, tasty and medicinal.
Ivan E., Moscow Region. Planted on the site several bushes of buckthorn buckthorn, as expected - male and female plants. The Golden Ears ripen early, the bushes are distinguished by short branches. Very productive grade. Sometimes, I shoot up to 20 kg from the bush. The taste, however, is sourish, but I need them mainly for healing preparations.
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Buckthorn buckthorn is a useful, beautiful and unpretentious plant, it is a pleasure to grow it. Just to enjoy the taste of sea buckthorn jam or to cook the famous sea buckthorn oil, you have to work hard, picking the fruit is the most difficult stage in the cultivation of this plant.
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